EASA 66 Module 11a - Turbine Airplane Aerodynamics Structures, and Systems
The EASA 66 Module 11a is a very detailed and comprehensive CBT courseware. The contents relate to Turbine Airplane Aerodynamics, Structures, and Systems. The student will gain a broad knowledge of all major systems found in a transport category aircraft.
- 11a.1 Theory of Flight
- Airplane Aerodynamics and Flight Controls Operation and effect of:
Role of EASA;
Role of the Member states;
- roll control: ailerons and spoilers;
- pitch control: elevators, stabilators, variable incidence stabilizers and canards;
- yaw control, rudder limiters;
Controls using elevons, ruddervators;
High lift devices, slats, flaps, flaperons;
Drag inducing devices, spoilers, lift dumpers, speed brakes;
Effects of wing fences, saw tooth leading edges;
Boundary layer control using, vortex generators, stall wedges or leading edge devices;
Operation and effect of trim tabs, balance and antibalance (leading) tabs, servo tabs, spring tabs, mass balance, control surface bias, aerodynamic balance panels;
High Speed Flight
Speed of sound, subsonic flight, transonic flight, supersonic flight, Mach number, critical Mach number, compressibility buffet, shock wave, aerodynamic heating, area rule;
Factors affecting airflow in engine intakes of high speed aircraft;
Effects of sweepback on critical Mach number.
- Airplane Aerodynamics and Flight Controls Operation and effect of:
- 11a.2 Airframe Structures - General Concepts
- a) Airworthiness requirements for structural strength;
Structural classification, primary, secondary and tertiary;
Fail safe, safe life, damage tolerance concepts;
Zonal and station identification systems;
Stress, strain, bending, compression, shear, torsion,tension, hoop stress fatigue;
Drains and ventilation provisions;
System installation provisions;
Lightning strike protection provision;
Aircraft bonding. - b) Construction methods of: stressed skin fuselage,formers, stringers, longerons, bulkheads, frames, doublers, struts, ties, beams, floor structures, reinforcement, methods of skinning, anti -corrosive protection, wing, empennage and engine attachments;
Structure assembly techniques: riveting, bolting, bonding;
Methods of surface protection, such as chromating,anodising, painting;
Surface cleaning;
Airframe symmetry: methods of alignment and symmetry checks.
- a) Airworthiness requirements for structural strength;
- 11a.3 Airframe Structures - Airplanes
- Fuselage (ATA 52/53/56)
Construction and pressurization sealing;
Wing, stabilizer, pylon and undercarriage attachments;Seat installation and cargo loading system;
Doors and emergency exits: construction, mechanisms,operation and safety devices;
Windows and windscreen construction and mechanisms;
Wings (ATA 57)
Construction;
Fuel storage;
Landing gear, pylon, control surface and high lift/drag attachments;
Stabilizers (ATA 55)
Construction;
Control surface attachment;
Flight Control Surfaces (ATA 55/57)
Construction and attachment;
Balancing - mass and aerodynamic;
Nacelles/Pylons (ATA 54)
Construction;
Firewalls;
Engine mounts.
- Fuselage (ATA 52/53/56)
- 11a.4 Air Conditioning and Cabin Pressurization (ATA 21)
- Air supply
Sources of air supply including engine bleed, APU and ground cart;
Air conditioning systems;
Air cycle and vapor cycle machines;
Distribution systems;
Flow, temperature and humidity control system;
Pressurization
Pressurization systems;
Control and indication including control and safety valves;
Cabin pressure controllers;
Safety and warning devices;
Protection and warning devices.
- Air supply
- 11a.5 Instruments / Avionic Systems Instrument Systems (ATA 31)
- Pilot static: altimeter, air speed indicator, vertical speed indicator;
Gyroscopic: artificial horizon, attitude director,direction indicator, horizontal situation indicator,turn and slip indicator, turn coordinator;
Compasses: direct reading, remote reading;
Angle of attack indication, stall warning systems;
Other aircraft system indication.
Avionic Systems
Fundamentals of system layouts and operation of:
Auto Flight (ATA 22);
Communications (ATA 23);
Navigation Systems (ATA 34).
- Pilot static: altimeter, air speed indicator, vertical speed indicator;
- 11a.6 Electrical Power (ATA 24)
- Batteries Installation and Operation;
DC power generation;
AC power generation;
Emergency power generation;
Voltage regulation;
Power distribution;
Inverters, transformers, rectifiers;
Circuit protection;
External/Ground power.
- Batteries Installation and Operation;
- 11a.7 Equipment and Furnishings (ATA 25)
- a) Emergency equipment requirements;
Seats, harnesses and belts
b) Cabin layout;
Equipment layout;
Cabin Furnishing Installation;
Cabin entertainment equipment;
Galley installation;
Cargo handling and retention equipment;
Airstairs
- a) Emergency equipment requirements;
- 11a.8 Fire Protection (ATA 26)
- a) Fire and smoke detection and warning systems;
Fire extinguishing systems;
b) Cabin layout;
Equipment layout;
Cabin Furnishing Installation;
Cabin entertainment equipment;
System tests.
b) Portable fire extinguisher.
- a) Fire and smoke detection and warning systems;
- 11a.9 Flight Controls (ATA 27)
- Primary controls: aileron, elevator, rudder, spoiler;
Trim control;
Active load control;
High lift devices;
Lift dump, speed brakes;
System operation: manual, hydraulic, pneumatic,electrical, fly-by-wire;
Artificial feel, Yaw damper, Mach trim, rudder limiter,gust locks system;
Balancing and rigging;
Stall protection/warning system.
- Primary controls: aileron, elevator, rudder, spoiler;
- 11a.10 Fuel Systems (ATA 28)
- System layout;
Fuel tanks;
Supply systems;
Dumping, venting and draining;
Cross-feed and transfer;
Indications and warnings;
Refuelling and defuelling;
Longitudinal balance fuel systems.
- System layout;
- 11a.11 Hydraulic Power (ATA 29)
- System layout;
Hydraulic fluids;
Hydraulic reservoirs and accumulators;
Pressure generation: electric, mechanical, pneumatic;
Emergency pressure generation;
Pressure Control;
Power distribution;
Indication and warning systems;
Interface with other systems.
- System layout;
- 11a.12 Ice and Rain Protection (ATA 30)
- Ice formation, classification and detection;
Anti-icing systems: electrical, hot air and chemical;
De-icing systems: electrical, hot air, pneumatic and chemical;
Rain repellent;
Probe and drain healing;
Wiper systems.
- Ice formation, classification and detection;
- 11a.13 Landing Gear (ATA 32)
- Construction, shock absorbing;
Extension and retraction systems: normal and emergency;
Indications and warning;
Wheels, brakes, antiskid and auto-braking;
Tires;
Steering.
- Construction, shock absorbing;
- 11a.14 Lights (ATA 33)
- External: navigation, anti-collision, landing, taxiing, ice;
Internal: cabin, cockpit, cargo;
Emergency.
- External: navigation, anti-collision, landing, taxiing, ice;
- 11a.15 Oxygen (ATA 35)
- System layout: cockpit, cabin;
Sources, storage, charging and distribution;
Supply regulation;
Indications and warnings.
- System layout: cockpit, cabin;
- 11a.16 Pneumatic/Vacuum System (ATA 36)
- System layout;
Sources: engine / APU, compressors, reservoirs, ground supply;
Pressure control;
Distribution;
Indications and warnings;
Interfaces with other systems.
- System layout;
- 11a.17 Water/Waste System (ATA 38)
- Water system layout, supply, distribution, servicing and draining;
Toilet system layout, flushing and servicing;
Corrosion aspects.
- Water system layout, supply, distribution, servicing and draining;
- 11a.18 On Board Maintenance Systems (ATA 45)
- Central maintenance computers;
Data loading system;
Electronic library system;
Printing;
Structure monitoring (damage tolerance monitoring).
- Central maintenance computers;
